Introduction to ciphers and substitution. Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: terminology and Caesar Cipher ; The key to the matter: generalizing the Caesar Cipher ; Multiplicative ciphers ; Affine ...

Encrypt plaintext by shifting each alphabetical character by a specified number of positions (the “key”). Decrypt ciphertext by reversing the shift using the same key. Understand fundamental ...

Abstract: Cryptography is used to protect data from adversaries who are unauthorized to access it, Cryptograph is used to changes the form of the data using a specific algorithm which can be reversed ...

In Ceaser Cipher each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a left shift of 3, D would be replaced by A, E would become B, ...

Kevin Sands, author of The Blackthorn Key, picks his favourite keys, codes and ciphers throughout history, from the Caesar shift to the Enigma machine If knowledge is power, then the key to power lies ...