Abstract Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms 1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons is implicated in ...

The past two decades have seen an explosion in our understanding of the origin and development of the midbrain dopamine system. Much of this work has been focused on the aspects of dopamine neuron ...

The midbrain is one of the vertebrate brain’s three basic divisions, and it plays an especially important role in sensory–motor mechanisms, motivation and reward, reproductive and agonistic behaviors, ...

Ventral midbrain DA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) control extrapyramidal movement and a variety of cognitive functions, such as motivation, ...

Brain aging is a complex biological process that is affected by both genetic background and environment. The transcriptomic analysis of aged human and rodent brains has been applied to identify ...

Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons are essential for motor function control as well as for the regulation of reward and emotions (van Heesbeen et al., 2013). Development of mDA neurons can be divided ...

The midbrain located under the cerebral cortex and above the hindbrain. the mesencephalon is not divided into any other portions of the brain unlike the other two vesicles that stem from the neural ...