This paper proves Euclid’s fifth postulate and convergence of straight lines using the formula for the area of trapezoids and assuming straight lines, it derives a general formula for the area of ...

1 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Islamic University in Uganda, Mbale, Uganda. 2 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, Sudan. Euclid’s first four ...

Parallel and perpendicular lines form the foundation of geometry, impacting everything from architecture to computer graphics. Understanding their properties and relationships is crucial for mastering ...