All sorts of physical processes in this analog world exhibit some degree of randomness. Think of noise, for example. Many noisy processes are described by Gaussian probability distributions. We should ...

Julie Young is an experienced financial writer and editor. She specializes in financial analysis in capital planning and investment management. Eric's career includes extensive work in both public and ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

This course is compulsory on the BSc in Actuarial Science and BSc in Financial Mathematics and Statistics. This course is available on the BSc in Business Mathematics and Statistics, BSc in ...

P(x > a) - Probability that x is greater than a P(x >= a) - Probability that x is greater than or equal to a P(x < a) - Probability that x is less than a P(x <= a ...