This chapter explains how we use transistors, how we bias them, so they generate working and useful circuits, and how we stabilize them as the temperature, currents, and applications vary. There are ...

Transistors are inevitable parts of Electronic circuits. The success of a circuit design lies in the selection of proper transistor type and calculation of voltage and current flowing through it. A ...

Biasing an active device, such as a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), requires that you set the dc voltages and currents of the device. To optimize the desired result, you need various bias values.

This file type includes high-resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. 1. In the circuit for the 1 mA two-terminal current source, the leftmost PNP transistor (Q4) is a "bolt-on" to harvest ...

In the early days, PNP bipolar transistors were common, but the bulk of circuits you see today use NPN transistors. As [Aaron Danner] points out, many people think PNP transistors are “backward” but ...

At what age did you begin learning about electronics? What was the state of the art available to you at the time and what kinds of things were you building? For each reader these answers can be wildly ...