Abstract: To address the issue that the ordering of sample indicators may affect the results of the grey relational analysis model (GRA) based on panel data, a novel GRA model based on vector-valued ...

The initial definition of the limit of a vector--valued function is a bit intimidating, as was the definition of the limit in Definition \ref {I-def:limit}. The theorem following the definition shows ...

In the previous chapter, we learned about vectors and were introduced to the power of vectors within mathematics. In this chapter, we'll build on this foundation to define functions whose input is a ...